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File Size: 2046 KB
Print Length: 274 pages
Publisher: Oxford University Press; 1 edition (November 1, 2016)
Publication Date: November 1, 2016
Sold by: Amazon Digital Services LLC
Language: English
ASIN: B06W2LZJCF
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#1,012,280 Paid in Kindle Store (See Top 100 Paid in Kindle Store)
This was one of the best books I have purchased. It allows me to be informed about how difficult life was for my family seeking religious freedom, only to take a vessel to seek a hope and a dream as arriving in Ellis Island, and building a life, family, and free to express religion. This book lays the foundation of just how difficult leaving everything and everyone behind - but yet knowing how my grandfather endured life with silent pain. I am so glad that he didn't have to know the suffering continues. This book is my foundation of true historical understanding of my family, appreciate the pride of who I am.
One of the few decent English language sources on the Armenian/Assyrian/Greek Holocaust of 1915-22 in the Ottoman Empire.
I received a free electronic copy of this book from Netgalley, Joseph Yacoub, and Oxford University Press in exchange for an honest review. Thank you for sharing your work with me.This book covers a period of history that was completely left out of the educational systems in New Mexico. The Armenian genocide was touched on but much too briefly, but nothing was even mentioned about the Assyrian holocaust. That this all happened before and during WWI left me speechless. I am grateful for the opportunity to absorb this knowledge and share it with my children. This is something we should all know as only through learning our history can we avoid those paths in our future.
Joseph Yacoub, Year of the Sword: the Assyrian Christian Genocide, A History. Translated by James Ferguson. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2016. Pp278 + xvii. $29.95After World War II, the Assyrian genocide of 1915 fell into oblivion, although ten years earlier, in 1935, the League of Nations had declared: “it is probable that there is no human community in relative terms that has suffered trials and blows comparable to those endured by that small group, both Nation and Church, that bears the name of Assyrian.†Indeed, nearly half the population of this people was exterminated about a century ago.After 1975 Assyrians in great numbers began migrating to the West, and in the 1980s Joseph Yacoub, who taught at the Catholic University of Lyon, started collecting and publishing testimonies about the 1915 genocide. This gripping book is the result. The memory of that tragic event has been so well revived that recently the German Bundestag, on June 2, 2016, passed a unanimous resolution recognizing the genocide a century ago of not only Armenians, but also Assyrians, Arameans, and Chaldeans.At the start of the 20th century, the Assyrians, the same people who inhabited Mesopotamia 5000 years ago, were still living in the same region – in Persian Azerbaijan, Eastern Anatolia, and the plains of Mosul and Nineveh. They, numbered around 600,000, still spoke Aramaic, the language of Christ, and belonged mostly to these two churches: the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch and all the East; and the Ancient Church of the East, which in the 12th century had reached as far as Peking. Some were also Chaldeans who had united with the Catholic Church in 1522. The 1915 genocide caused around 250,000 of these people to perish. Their cultural heritage was attacked as well. Hundreds of their churches were destroyed, some dating to the first century, and many libraries with manuscripts and books in Aramaic were destroyed.There is no shortage of documentation for this genocide. We find reports, often from eyewitnesses, in at least nine languages: Aramaic, Arabic, English, Russian, German, Italian, and French. Moreover, “the story is one and the same.†The scholar Gilbert Murray observed that the cumulative effect of this evidence must “overpower any skepticism†because the witnesses are “credible†and their evidence “concurring.â€From January to May 1915 The New York Times published a series of articles on the massacres as they were taking place in Persian Urmia, denouncing them and lamenting the brutal treatment of women. The British Blue Book of 1916, an official parliamentary report titled “Documents Relating to the Treatment of Armenians and Assyrian Christians,†is especially impressive. The historians Lord James Bryce and Arnold Toynbee assembled 21 reports on the Assyrians. Toynbee noted that many eyewitness accounts of the genocide were from foreign residents in the Ottoman Empire, such as those residing at the American Presbyterian Mission.Yacoub shows that the genocide was ordered from the top level of the Ottoman government. The Young Turk revolution in 1909 had inaugurated a policy of Turkification, a call to “homogenize†the population by repressing the minorities. From nationalism, the Young Turks moved on to Islamism, despotism, and terrorism. When they lost their Balkan territories in 1912-1913, the three Pashas Talaat, Enver and Djemal began using the Christians as scapegoats, accusing them of being traitors, enemies of Turkey who were “plotting with the Russians†to destabilize the [Ottoman] Empire.†Most of the Christians lived in rural villages and were incapable of being foreign agents, but this big lie was useful to legitimate the coming massacres.When World War I was declared in September 1914, Turkey joined Germany against Russia and the allies. Two months later, on November 29, 1914, Sultan-Caliph Mehmed V proclaimed the Jihad against Christians. In Kurdish lands, the Kurds swore an oath to join in the “great Jihad†and were provided by the Ottoman government with clothes and arms, including bombs for mountain fighting. The government’s plan was to use the Great War as a cover to exterminate the Armenians and Assyrians. Yacoub shows how the genocide was state-approved, “premeditated,†and “systematically executed.†The call to Jihad was followed first by attacks in the region of Urmia and Salmas in Persian Azerbaijan, attacks which lasted from the start of January, when the Russians left, to the end of May 1915, when the Russians returned. A vast army of 20,000 Turkish soldiers accompanied by 10,000 turbaned Kurds descended on the rural villages. Dr. William Shedd of the American mission reported that the Muslim villagers joined in the looting and the violence against their Christian neighbors. A few Kurds objected, but they were quickly silenced.Djedvet Bey, who led the Butchers’ Battalion, boasted afterwards that the Jihad had made a “tabula rasa†of Christians in Persia. Atrocities included a priest burned alive, another skinned alive, and a doctor doused with oil, set on fire, and shot as he ran. Then all the woman and girls were raped. Some as young as seven and eight died at the hands of their abusers, while hundreds threw themselves into the river to escape the horror. Afterwards surviving women were sold at the bazaar at a price cheaper than livestock and all of them forced to convert to Islam. Later 850 headless bodies of men were recovered from wells because, at the time of the Jihad, a price was paid for every Christian man’s head.After Urmia, the Turco-Kurdish troops attacked the Assyrian mountain dwellers in Turkish Hakkari and Kotchanes. Christians had lived in Kotchanes since the first century, and this town had been the seat of the patriarch of the Church of the East since 1662. In the area of Hakkari over 250 churches and monasteries were destroyed, cemeteries defiled and the tombs of patriarchs violated. Entire libraries disappeared forever. The Assyrians in this mountainous region had only flintlock rifles to defend themselves against machine guns and modern artillery.In the area of Diyabakir, 345 villages were attacked. Over 100,000 Assyrians were massacred, 161 priests tortured and killed, and 160 churches and convents destroyed. The Assyro-Chaldeans were targeted, as well as “Jacobites,†“Nestorians,†and Syriacs. Beautiful women were kept for a week by Turkish officials, then “passed on to their friends.†Some Christians fled to Mount Sinjar, where they were protected by the Yazidis.Yakoub’s work is studded with unforgettable, blood-chilling details like this one: that after the massacres “Hyenas and birds of prey fed for months†on the bodies of Assyrian Christians lying in ravines and on the plains. In this brief review I have touched on only a few highlights of this book rich in testimonies and careful documentation. The Assyrian genocide is surely an event in world history that must never be forgotten.
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